Abstract:Package managers are legion. Every programming language and operating system has its own solution, each with subtly different semantics for dependency resolution. This fragmentation prevents multilingual projects from expressing precise dependencies across language ecosystems; it leaves external system and hardware dependencies implicit and unversioned; it obscures security vulnerabilities that lie in the full dependency graph. We present the \textit{Package Calculus}, a formalism for dependency resolution that unifies the core semantics of diverse package managers. Through a series of formal reductions, we show how this core is expressive enough to model the diversity that real-world package managers employ in their dependency expression languages. By using the Package Calculus as the intermediate representation of dependencies, we enable translation between distinct package managers and resolution across ecosystems.
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Publication date: 10 March 2026
第十九条 为了免受正在进行的不法侵害而采取的制止行为，造成损害的，不属于违反治安管理行为，不受处罚；制止行为明显超过必要限度，造成较大损害的，依法给予处罚，但是应当减轻处罚；情节较轻的，不予处罚。